Image
hero

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What is the minimum paid-in capital that banks must comply with?

According to the provisions of Article 68 of the Banking Law, the minimum amount
of paid-in or assigned capital banks must maintain is ten million balboas for general
license banks, and three million balboas for international license banks. .

2. ¿What are the minimum and maximum annual and/or monthly interest rates permitted on
loans?

Banks may freely set the interest on lending and deposit operations in accordance
with the provisions of Article 79 of the Banking Law; however, according to Rule 1-
2011, banks are required to inform their customers and disclose to the general public
the interest rates set for each product or service provided.

3. Is there any procedure for notifying the Superintendency of any change in the board of directors (Chairman) of a bank’s subsidiary?

In compliance with Article 86 of the Banking Law, the bank must inform the Superintendency of any changes that may occur in the bank’s subsidiary.

4. Is the inclusion of the effective interest rate required on loan payment receipts/slips?

According to the provisions of Article 80 of the Banking Law, banks must clearly and
unequivocally indicate the effective interest rates on their loans and deposits on the
statements of account and in contractual documents with their clients, or whenever
the client requests this information.
In this regard, the bank must comply with the provisions above and it will be up to the bank’s discretion to indicate the effective interest rate on the loan payment receipts/slips.

5. How much time after the closing of the fiscal period do banks have to submit their audited financial statements to the Superintendency?

Article 87 of the Banking Law provides that banks must submit their audited financial statements to the Superintendency within three months following the close of each fiscal year.

6. How much time do banks have to publish their audited financial statements?

As provided for in Article 88 of the Banking Law, the banks will publish an unsigned copy of the audited financial statements with their respective explanatory notes, if any, in a newspaper with nationwide circulation in the Republic of Panama, within thirty days following their submittal to the Superintendency.

7. Is a bank permitted to lease part of a property to a third party?

According to Article 9 of Rule 3-2009, attending to the economic interests of the bank and the maintenance and protection of the assets, the Superintendency, upon a prior and duly substantiated request, may authorized a bank to lease part of a property to a third party, but only if the bank acquired the property as payment on a defaulted loan and the bank has been unable to place it for sale as required by Article 101 of the Banking Law due to specific reasons, such as asset deterioration, among others.

8. What does paragraph 9 of Article 196 of the Banking Law and Rule 1-2011 mean on the
requirement for indicating in lending and deposit operations agreements the formula to
calculate the nominal and effective interest rate?

The bank must clearly include in writing on its lending operations agreements the interests, fees and/or charges applied in calculating the nominal and effective interest rates, in such a way that the client can understand the elements of the value of money over time.

9. For overdraft, credit card and lines of credit agreements, must the effective interest rate be shown? If the calculation must be shown, does it have to be on a hypothetical flow scenario?

In the case of lines of credit such as credit cards, overdraft credits and revolving credit accounts, the bank must include in writing in the respective agreements the formula for determining the applicable effective interest rate, as well as the requirement for indicating the components applied for the nominal and effective interest rate calculation, so the client can understand the elements involved in the value over time.
Additionally, the bank must inform the banking services user of the amounts paid in interest, as well as the relevant effective interest rate, according to the real flow of income and expenses through time to the expiration of the loan. In addition, and at the solicitor or borrower’s request, it must calculate the effective interest rate based on a hypothetical cash flow scenario, as provided for in Article 6 of Rule 3-2002.

10. From the point of view of Panamanian regulations, what is the best type of corporation for conducting second-tier lending operations what are the possible implications for the corporations receiving these funds?

Considering the banking regulations, and from the Superintendency’s point of view, there is no specific type of corporation that could be considered appropriate or recommendable for conducting second-tier lending operations, whether a corporation or any type of legal entity.

In this regard, corporations conducting second-tier lending operations are subject to the regulations applicable to that type of financial entity.

11. What are the possible implications for the corporations receiving funds from corporations conducting second-tier lending operations?

For banks, there are no limits to their funding their operations with second-tier corporate funds, as the Banking Law is broad in providing that funds for funding banking operations may come from the public and from financial institutions, as established in paragraph 30, Article 3 of the Banking Law.

12. Can international license banks issue credit cards? If so, can their clients be domestic or international cardholders?

An international license bank can issue credit cards, as long as the bank complies with the provisions of Article 41 of the Banking Law and the customers meet the required characteristics for customers of this type of banks.

In the case of clients (individuals), the international license banks must make sure that these clients do not reside in the Republic of Panama and in case of clients (legal persons) the bank must make sure that these entities do not generate taxable income in Panama.

13. Are agreements written in English valid for opening bank accounts?

Paragraph 3 of Article 202 of the Banking Law provides that the agreements drafted in a language other than Spanish shall not be considered invalid as long as the language was requested by the user of the banking services. Likewise, the drafting of agreements in a language other than Spanish is permitted in those cases in which the international nature of the contract requires it. Therefore, while the banks of the market must draft their agreements in Spanish, if any client or user of the banking services requires his/her contract be written in a language other than Spanish, the agreement shall be considered valid.

14. Is there any regulation permitting or prohibiting the publication of a bank’s delinquent clients in domestic newspapers?

We have not issued any specific regulation governing the publication of a bank’s delinquent clients in local newspapers. However, considering the principle of banking confidentiality enshrined in Article 111 of the Banking Law, any information the bank wishes to publish on any client or his/her activities must be framed within the parameters established in the above Article.

16. Can a bank provide client information to its parent company, without the clients’ consent, for a banking group risk assessment by an auditing firm?

Article 111 of the Banking Law provides that banks may only release information about their clients and their operations with their client’s consent. However, the law provides some cases that do not require client consent.
Notwithstanding the above, we consider that the bank may submit information on its clients to its parent company, without its client’s consent under paragraph 4 of Article 111, which provides that when the information is supplied to data processing centers for accounting and operating purposes, the bank does not require client consent. The above is without prejudice to the requirement that the information be used only for accounting purposes in order to assess the risk to which the bank will be exposed.

17. Could someone appoint a Private Interest Foundation as beneficiary for a fixed-term deposit account?

Pursuant to the provisions of Article 219 of the Banking Law, banks may permit their clients to appoint beneficiaries for any deposit account, be they savings, demand or fixed-term.

Similarly, the bank may determine the formalities under which the clients may appoint the beneficiary(ies), be they individuals or legal entities, including private interest foundations.

18. When setting the interest rate, should the bank conform to the provisions of the Banking Law or to special laws such as Law 6 of 1987, the Preferential interest rate law, and the consumer weighting rate established by the Superintendency?

Banking regulations are a substantiated provision of special characteristics that cover the legal framework on which the engagement in the banking business in or from the Republic of Panama must be governed. For determining the interest rates, it provides that banks may freely set the interest rate on lending and deposit operations, regardless of any other regulation on that matter, as provided for in Article 79 of the Banking Law.
In this regard, we must indicate that the aforementioned special laws are not incompatible with the provisions on the interest rate enshrined in the Banking Law.Therefore, the preference of one law over another is not viable.

19. In accordance with Paragraph 10 of Article 75 of the Banking Law, are mutual funds liquid assets?

On this particular case, we confirm that mutual funds cannot be part of other liquid assets authorized by the Superintendency of Banks, since we are not sure that the underlying assets of the funds meet the requirements established in Paragraph 2 of Article 10 of Rule 4-2008 on the legal liquidity index.

21. According to Article 219 of the Banking Law, is there a requirement to appoint deposit account beneficiaries and are there any restrictions on their appointment?

The aforementioned Article authorizes but does not require banks to provide the service of appointing deposit account beneficiaries to their clients, or to determine the formalities for such an appointment.

The bank that decides to provide this service to its clients is required to establish a procedure for notifying account balances, which should be provided to the holder(s) appointing beneficiary(ies) or the beneficiaries.

The Banking Law does not provides any restriction whatsoever for the appointment of deposit account beneficiary(ies) and, when referring to them as “person(s)” without further detail, leaves open the possibility of their being national or international individuals or legal persons.

20. Consultas relacionadas con los artículos 95 y 96 de la Ley Bancaria y los artículos 7 y 11 del Acuerdo No. 6-2009.

Pregunta No. 1. “¿Qué se entiende por fondos de capital de un banco?”
Con relación a esta consulta, nos permitimos indicarle que el concepto de fondos de capital se encuentra recogido en el artículo 3, numeral 24 de la Ley Bancaria, el cual a su letra establece:


ㅤㅤ“ARTÍCULO 3. DEFINICIONES. Para los efectos de este Decreto Ley, los siguientes términos
ㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤse entenderán así:

ㅤㅤ1. …

ㅤㅤ2. ...

ㅤㅤ....

ㅤㅤ24. Fondos de Capital. El que se encuentra constituido por el capital primario, el capital secundario y el
ㅤㅤcapital terciario de un banco.”
Igualmente, la Ley Bancaria en su artículo 70 hace referencia a los índices de Adecuación de Capital, artículo que a su letra establece.

“ARTÍCULO 70. INDICES DE ADECUACIÓN DE CAPITAL. Todo banco de licencia general y de licencia internacional cuyo supervisor de origen sea la Superintendencia deberá mantener los siguientes índices de adecuación de capital:
1. Fondos de capital equivalentes a, por lo menos, el ocho por ciento del total de sus activos y operaciones fuera de balance que representen una contingencia, ponderados en función a sus riesgos.
2. Un capital primario equivalente a no menos del cuatro por ciento de sus activos y operaciones fuera de balance que representen una contingencia, ponderados en función a sus riesgos.
PARÁGRAFO. Cuando la Superintendencia lo considere conveniente, podrá mediante acuerdo de la Junta Directiva, modificar, para todos los bancos, los índices establecidos en este artículo.
El Superintendente podrá, requerir a un banco en particular, mediante resolución motivada, un índice superior cuando el perfil de riesgo del banco así lo aconseje, ya sea en forma temporal o definitiva.” (El subrayado es nuestro).

En el año 2015, la Superintendencia de Bancos actualizó la regulación que establece las normas de adecuación de capital aplicable a los bancos y grupos bancarios, asegurándose que el marco normativo cumpliera con lo dispuesto en el principio 16 del Comité Basilea sobre suficiencia de capital, el cual establece que los bancos deben contar con requerimientos mínimos de capital que reflejen los riesgos que estos asumen. En ese sentido, fue emitido el Acuerdo No. 1-2015 a fin de incorporar en esta norma los aspectos de evolución de la regulación prudencial, de las buenas prácticas bancarias y de las normas contables y de auditoría.


Pregunta No. 2. “¿Cuáles son los componentes de los Fondos de capital de un Banco?”
La regulación bancaria, desarrolla los componentes de los fondos de capital, aspectos recogidos en el Acuerdo No. 1-2015, artículo 2 el cual a su letra establece:


“ARTÍCULO 2. FONDOS DE CAPITAL REGULATORIO. A efectos del cálculo de los requerimientos de capital y del índice de adecuación de capital, los fondos de capital están compuesto por:
ㅤㅤ1. Capital primario el cual estará conformado por:

ㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤa. Capital primario ordinario.

ㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤb. Capital primario adicional.

ㅤㅤ2. Capital secundario.

ㅤㅤ3. Provisión dinámica, según la define el Acuerdo No. 4-2013.”
De lo antes expuesto, podrá visualizar la composición que regulatoriamente le es aplicable a los fondos de capital.


Pregunta No. 3. “¿Cuál es la base del cálculo para establecer el límite de concentración en una sola persona y en partes relacionadas?”
Sobre el particular, nos permitimos recordar que el artículo 7 del Acuerdo No. 6-2009 establece que el límite de concentración en una sola persona, individual o conjuntamente, es del veinticinco por ciento (25%) de los fondos de capital establecido en el artículo 95 de la Ley Bancaria.

El artículo 95 de la Ley Bancaria establece la prohibición a los bancos y propietarias de acciones bancarias en la que consolida el grupo bancario, de conceder, directa o indirectamente, a una sola persona natural o jurídica, incluyendo aquellas otras que conformen con ella un grupo económico, préstamos o facilidades crediticias, u otorgar alguna garantía o contraer alguna otra obligación en favor de dicha persona, cuyo total exceda en cualquier momento, individual o conjuntamente, el veinticinco por ciento de los fondos de capital del banco.

Por otro lado, el artículo 96 contempla una serie de prohibiciones en cuanto a la concesión de préstamos o facilidades crediticias a partes relacionadas, estableciéndose los distintos supuestos.

En ese sentido, con relación a la interrogante, tenemos a bien indicar que la base del cálculo para establecer el límite de concentración en una sola persona y en partes relacionadas son los fondos de capital regulatorio. Cabe destacar, que cuando la normativa bancaria se refiere a fondos de capital hace alusión al capital regulatorio, el cual se compone de los elementos contemplados en el artículo 2 del Acuerdo No. 1-2015.

Cabe destacar, que para el cálculo del monto de los fondos de capital se tomará en consideración los ajustes regulatorios establecidos en el artículo 9 del Acuerdo No. 1-2015 ampliamente desarrollados en la regulación y los cuales enumeramos a continuación:
ㅤㅤ1. Pérdidas.

ㅤㅤ2. Fondo de comercio.

ㅤㅤ3. Otros activos intangibles.

ㅤㅤ4. Activos por impuestos diferidos.

ㅤㅤ5. Reservas de cobertura de flujos de efectivo.

ㅤㅤ6. Ganancias y pérdidas no realizadas debido a variaciones en el riesgo de crédito propio sobre pasivos
ㅤㅤfinancieros contabilizados al valor razonable.

ㅤㅤ7. Inversión en acciones propias (Tesorería).

ㅤㅤ8. Participaciones cruzadas recíprocas en entidades bancarias, financieras y de seguros.

ㅤㅤ9. Participaciones en entidades no financieras incluidas en el perímetro de consolidación contable.

ㅤㅤ10. Participaciones significativas en el capital de entidades bancarias, financieras y de seguros, no incluidas
ㅤㅤen el perímetro de consolidación.


Pregunta No. 4. “De acuerdo con lo dispuesto en el Acuerdo No. 1-2015 y entendiendo que los fondos de capital y los fondos de capital regulatorio de un banco son términos distintos, tal como se desprende de la legislación y regulaciones vigentes, ¿Cuál de los dos es la base del cálculo para establecer el límite de concentración en una sola persona y en partes relacionadas?”
Sobre el particular, nos permitimos indicar que a pesar de que los términos fondos de capital y fondos de capital regulatorio son dos términos distintos, en el contexto de la Ley Bancaria y los Acuerdos Bancarios, se refieren a lo mismo (capital primario, capital secundario, provisión dinámica, ajustes regulatorio, etc.), tal cual se define en el numeral 24 del artículo 3 de la Ley Bancaria y según se desarrolla el concepto de fondos de capital en el artículo 2 del Acuerdo No. 1-2015. En ese sentido, cuando la regulación establece los límites de concentración en una sola persona y en partes relacionadas, el cálculo deberá hacerse sobre los fondos de capital regulatorio descrito en el Acuerdo No. 1-2015 y debe estar compuesto de los elementos descritos en la referida regulación.